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Battle of the Neva

Coordinates: 59°48′27″N 30°36′15″E / 59.80750°N 30.60417°E / 59.80750; 30.60417
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This article is about the battle in 1240. For the later battle, see Battle of the Neva (1708).
Battle of the Neva
Part of the Swedish–Novgorodian Wars

Depiction of the battle in the late 16th century illuminated manuscript of Ivan the Terrible
Date15 July 1240
Location
Neva River, Russia
Result Novgorodian victory
Belligerents

Novgorod Republic

Kingdom of Sweden

Commanders and leaders
Alexander Yaroslavich[a] Ulf Fase (arguably)[1]
Spiridon †
Casualties and losses
Novgorod First Chronicle:
20 killed		 Novgorod First Chronicle:
"great number"

The Battle of the Neva (Russian: Невская битва, romanized: Nevskaya bitva; Swedish: slaget vid Neva; Finnish: Nevan taistelu) was fought between the Novgorod Republic, along with Karelians, and the Kingdom of Sweden,[2] including Norwegian, Finnish and Tavastian forces, on the Neva River, near the settlement of Ust-Izhora, on 15 July 1240. The battle is mentioned only in Russian sources,[3] and it remains unclear whether it was a major invasion or a small-scale raid.[4][5] In Russian historiography, it has become an event of massive scale and importance.[6]

Background

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Pope Honorius III (1216–1227) received a number of petitions regarding new Baltic crusades, mainly concerning Prussia and Livonia but also a report from the Swedish Archbishop concerning difficulties with their mission in Finland. At that time, Honorius responded to the Swedish archbishop only by declaring an embargo against trade with pagans in the region; it is not known if the Swedes requested further help for the moment.[7]

In 1237, the Swedes received papal authorization to launch a crusade, and in 1240, new campaigns began in the easternmost part of the Baltic region.[8] The Finnish mission's eastward expansion led to a clash between Sweden and Novgorod, since the Karelians had been allies and tributaries of Novgorod since the mid-12th century. After a successful campaign into Tavastia, the Swedes advanced further east until they were stopped by a Novgorodian army led by Prince Alexander Yaroslavich.[9] Novgorod fought against the crusade for economic reasons, to protect their monopoly of the Karelian fur trade.[10]

Russian sources

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The existence of the battle is known only from Russian sources.[3] The first source to mention the battle is the Novgorod First Chronicle from the 14th century.[11] According to the chronicle, on receiving the news of the advancing Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish and Tavastian fleets, the 20-year-old Prince Alexander Yaroslavich of Novgorod quickly moved his small army and local men to face the enemy before they had reached Lake Ladoga. The chronicle described the battle as follows:

Alexander Nevsky Fighting the Swedes, by Boris Chorikov

"Swedes came with a great army, and Norwegians and Finns and Tavastians with ships in great numbers, Swedes with their prince and bishops, and they stayed on the Neva, at the mouth of the Izhora, willing to take Ladoga, and then Novgorod and all of its lands. But still protected the merciful, man-loving God us and sheltered us from the foreign people, and the word came to Novgorod that Swedes were sailing to Ladoga; but prince Alexander did not hesitate at all, but went against them with Novgorodians and people of Ladoga and overcame them with the help of Saint Sophia and through prayers of our lady, the Mother of God and Virgin Mary, 15 July, in the memory of Kirik and Ulita, on Sunday, (the same day that) the 630 holy fathers[12] held a meeting in Chalcedon; and there was a great gathering of the Swedes; and their leader called Spiridon[13] was killed there; but some claimed that even the bishop was slain;[14] and a great number of them fell; and when they had loaded two ships with the bodies of high-born men, they let them sail to the sea; but the others, that were unnumbered, they cast to a pit, that they buried, and many others were wounded; and that same night they fled, without waiting for the Monday light, with shame. Of Novgorodians there fell: Konstantin Lugotinitch, Gyuryata Pinyashchinich, Namest, Drochilo Nezdylov son of the tanner, but including the people of Ladoga 20 men or less, God knows. But prince Alexander came back home with Novgorodians and people of Ladoga, all well, protected by God and Saint Sophia and all the prayers of the holy men."[15]

A 16th-century version of the battle gave plenty of additional details, expanding the conflict to biblical proportions, but otherwise following the earlier described developments.[16]

Prince Alexander Yaroslavich was nicknamed "Nevsky" (of Neva) after his first significant victory.[citation needed] Two years later Alexander stalled an invasion of the Livonian Knights during the Battle on the Ice. Despite the victories there were no Novgorodian advances further west to Finland or Estonia.

Swedish sources

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There is no reference to a battle of the Neva in Swedish sources.[17]

Situation in Sweden

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After the death of King John in 1222, Sweden was in a de facto state of civil war until 1248 when Birger Jarl managed to seize power in the kingdom. Unrest was due to the struggle between those who wanted to keep the old tribal structure,[18] the folkung party, and the king, who was assisted by the church. Folkungs, who were mainly from Uppland, stoutly resisted the centralization of power,[19] taxation of the Swedes of Uppland,[18] and church privileges.[19] They had temporarily succeeded in deposing the king in 1229, but were forced to give in five years later, but were far from defeated yet. Uppland remained largely independent of the king, and its northern areas continued to be in folkung hands. An uneasy truce continued until 1247, when the folkung rebellion was put to an end at the Battle of Sparrsätra and its leader beheaded a year later.

Battle of the Neva contributed to Alexander's sainthood

Furthermore, the official Sweden was on the brink of war with Norway ever since the Norwegians' infamous Värmland expedition in 1225.[20] Relations improved only after the Treaty of Lödöse in 1249, which was forged by the newly empowered Birger Jarl.[21] Before the treaty, Norway remained an ally of the folkungs, giving them refuge and providing men and arms.

In this situation, it seems unlikely that Sweden could have been able to organize a major expedition against Novgorod. Swedes are not known to have carried out any other military campaigns between 1222 and 1249, making the claims about their forceful appearance at the Neva with Norwegians as their allies seem questionable.[citation needed]

Theories

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Taking these facts into consideration, it has been suggested in a recent book aimed at a wide readership,[22] that the Swedish expedition may have been an indirect result of the papal letter in 1237 that was sent to the Swedish Archbishop of Uppsala.[23] The letter eloquently called for a crusade, not against Novgorod, but against Tavastians in Finland, who had allegedly started hostilities against the church. In his defunct position, the king may not have been willing or able to act, but the letter may have provided the frustrated folkungs an opportunity to regain part of their Viking Age glory. Mostly free to act without interference from the king, folkungs would have been able to raise an army of their own, get volunteers from Norway and even assistance from Thomas, the independent Bishop of Finland, who needed to constantly worry about attacks from the east. Instead of Tavastia, this mixed set of interests and nationalities would have headed for the more lucrative Neva and there met its fate at the hands of Alexander.[citation needed] In the possible aftermath of the said battle, the King of Norway approached his Swedish counterpart for peace talks in 1241, but was turned down at the time.

However, some recent research has fundamentally questioned the importance of the battle, seeing it as an ordinary border skirmish that was exaggerated for political purposes, thus also explaining its absence from Swedish and other western sources.[24]

Additional theories are numerous. Some historians have suggested that the Swedish army was already under the command of the very young Birger Jarl, eight years before his appointment to the position of jarl.[25] It has also been suggested that the suspicious information on Norwegians', Finns' and Tavastians' participation was made up in the 14th century, the time of writing of the First Novgorod Chronicle, when Sweden was in control of Norway, Finland and Tavastia.[citation needed]

Consequences

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All in all, the first known Swedish military expedition against Novgorod after the events at the Neva took place in 1256, following folkungs' demise, peace with Norway and conquest of Finland. If the battle of the Neva had any long-term consequences, it was in Sweden's determination to take over Finland first before attempting to proceed further east.[citation needed]

Legacy

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In 2007, scholar Janet L. B. Martin wrote: "Novgorod and Sweden were competitors both for dominance over Finnic tribes north of the Novgorod lands and for control over access to the Gulf of Finland. The Swedish attack on the Neva River in July 1240 was one of a long series of hostile encounters over these issues, not, as is sometimes asserted, a full-scale campaign timed to take advantage of the Russians' adversity and aimed at conquering the entire Novgorodian realm. Nevertheless, Alexander's victory there was celebrated and became the basis for his epithet Nevsky."[26]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Nicknamed Nevsky ('of the Neva') for the battle.

References

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  1. ^ Shaskolsky I. P. Борь­ба Ру­си про­тив кре­сто­нос­ной аг­рес­сии на бе­ре­гах Бал­ти­ки в XII–XIII вв. Science, 1978. p. 178
  2. ^ Murray, Alan V. (2017). Crusade and Conversion on the Baltic Frontier 1150–1500. Taylor & Francis. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-351-94715-2.
  3. ^ a b Line, Philip (31 March 2007). Kingship and State Formation in Sweden 1130-1290. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-474-1983-9. This 'Second' Crusade to Finland was, according to Russian sources, immediately followed by the unsuccessful Swedish expedition to the Neva, which was thwarted by the Novgorodians
  4. ^ Lind, John H. (1991). "Early Russian-Swedish Rivalry: The battle on the Neva in 1240 and Birger Magnussons' second crusade to Tavastia". Scandinavian Journal of History. 16 (4): 269, 278. doi:10.1080/03468759108579222. ISSN 0346-8755. Retrieved 18 July 2022. Initially perhaps no more than a raid, maybe on an even lesser scale than the raid in 1164 on Ladoga, described in some detail in the Novgorod chronicles, it had by ca. 1330 grown...
  5. ^ Carleton, Gregory (2017). Russia: The Story of War. Harvard University Press. p. 19. ISBN 9780674972483. For Western scholars, the number and intent of the attacking Swedes and Teutonic knights remain in contention: large raiding parties or full-fledged invasions? That, for example, there is no record in Swedish chronicles of the battle at the Neva River might suggest its scale was smaller than the honorific title the prince claimed from it.
  6. ^ Lind, John H. (1991). "Early Russian-Swedish Rivalry: The battle on the Neva in 1240 and Birger Magnussons' second crusade to Tavastia". Scandinavian Journal of History. 16 (4): 269. doi:10.1080/03468759108579222. ISSN 0346-8755. Retrieved 18 July 2022. In Russian historiography and tradition the battle has become an event of immense proportions and significance.
  7. ^ Fonnesberg-Schmidt 2007, p. 136.
  8. ^ Fonnesberg-Schmidt 2007, pp. 216–217, In 1240 new campaigns were launched... first was organized by the Swedes... obtained papal authorization in 1237.
  9. ^ Fonnesberg-Schmidt 2007, pp. 216–217.
  10. ^ Andrew Jotischky (2017). Crusading and the Crusader States. Taylor and Francis. p. 220. ISBN 9781351983921.
  11. ^ "Description of the battle in the First Novgorod Chronicle". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27.; in Swedish. Hosted by the narc.fi Archived 2010-09-15 at the Wayback Machine. See Arkistolaitos/sahkoiset Archived 2007-06-08 at the Wayback Machine and Diplomatarium Fennicum from the menu. See also original text; in Russian.
  12. ^ Actually the meeting was held between 8 October and 1 November, not on 15 July.
  13. ^ In the later version of the battle, "Spiridon" also appears as the name of the Archbishop of Novgorod, who blessed Alexander before the battle.
  14. ^ No Scandinavian bishop is known to have died in 1240.
  15. ^ Насонов, А. Н. (2013). НОВГОРОДСКАЯ ПЕРВАЯ ЛЕТОПИСЬ (in Russian). Рипол Классик. ISBN 978-5-458-27022-9.
  16. ^ "Battle on the Neva" 16th century version of the battle, provided by the Slavic Interest Group of the Society for Creative Anachronism. In English.
  17. ^ Lourie, Lev. "Мифы о главных русских победах" (in Russian). Arzamas Academy. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  18. ^ a b Larsson 2002, p. 178.
  19. ^ a b Kari 2004, p. 117.
  20. ^ Värmland expedition by the Svenskt Militärhistoriskt Bibliotek Archived 2014-03-17 at the Wayback Machine.
  21. ^ Treaty of Lödöse Archived 2007-05-19 at the Wayback Machine.
  22. ^ Kari, Risto. Suomalaisten keskiaika. WS Bookwell Oy. Porvoo 2004. ISBN 951-0-28321-5. See page 107.
  23. ^ "Letter by Pope Gregory IX about an uprising against the church in Tavastia". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27.. In Latin. Hosted by the National Archive of Finland Archived 2010-09-15 at the Wayback Machine. See "Arkistolaitos - Sähköiset palvelut". Archived from the original on 2007-06-08. Retrieved 2007-05-29. and Diplomatarium Fennicum from the menu.
  24. ^ Alexander Nevskij and the Holy War. Based on presentations in the Leeds International Medieval Conference. Hosted by the Tampere University.
  25. ^ Even if Spiridon was said to have died in the battle, some historians still associate him with Birger. See e.g. Riasanovsky, Nicholas V.: A History of Russia. Oxford 1993.
  26. ^ Martin 2007, p. 180.

Bibliography

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59°48′27″N 30°36′15″E / 59.80750°N 30.60417°E / 59.80750; 30.60417

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