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Timeline of Afghan history

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History of Afghanistan

The palace of the emir in 1839
Timeline
Ancient
Indus Valley civilisation 2200–1800 BC
Oxus civilization 2100–1800 BC
Gandhara kingdom 1500–535 BC
Median Empire 728–550 BC
Achaemenid Empire 550–330 BC
Macedonian Empire 330–312 BC
Seleucid Empire 312–150 BC
Maurya Empire 305–180 BC
Greco-Bactrian kingdom 256–125 BC
Parthian Empire 247 BC–224 AD
Indo-Greek kingdom 180–90 BC
Indo-Scythian kingdom 155–80? BC
Kushan Empire 135 BC – 248 AD
Indo-Parthian kingdom 20 BC – 50? AD
Sasanian Empire 230–651
Kidarite kingdom 320–465
Rob
Alchon Huns 380–560
Hephthalite Empire 410–557
Nezak Huns 484–711
Medieval
Kabul Shahi 565–879
Principality of Chaghaniyan 7th–8th centuries
Rashidun Caliphate 652–661
Tang China 660–669
Tibetan Empire 660–842
Umayyads 661–750
Zunbils 680–870
Lawik750-977
Abbasids 750–821
Tahirids 821–873
Saffarids 863–900
Samanids 875–999
Ghaznavids 963–1187
Ghurids before 879–1215
Seljuks 1037–1194
Khwarezmids 1215–1231
Mongol Invasion 1219–1226
Chagatai Khanate 1226–1245
Qarlughids 1224–1266
Ilkhanate 1256–1335
Kartids 1245–1381
Timurids 1370–1507
Arghuns 1520–1591
Modern
Mughals 1501–1738
Safavids 1510–1709
Kunduz Khanate ?–1859
Hotak dynasty 1709–1738
Sadozai Sultanate 1716–1732
Afsharid Iran 1738–1747
Durrani Empire 1747–1823
Maimana Khanate 1747–1892
Herat 1793–1863
Principality of Qandahar1818–1855
Emirate 1823–1926
Saqqawist Emirate 1929
Kingdom 1926–1973
Daoud coup 1973
Republic 1973–1978
Saur Revolution 1978
Democratic Republic 1978–1992
Tanai coup attempt 1990
Islamic State 1992–1996
Islamic Emirate 1996–2001
US invasion 2001
Islamic State (reinstated) 2001
Interim/Transitional Administration 2001–2004
Islamic Republic (politics) 2004–2021
Islamic Emirate (reinstated) since 2021
Related historical regions
Related topics

This is a timeline of Afghan history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Afghanistan and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Afghanistan. See also the list of heads of state of Afghanistan and the list of years in Afghanistan.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Prehistory

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Year Date Event
50,000 BCE First known evidences of humans living in Afghanistan, and that farming communities of the region were among the earliest in the world.[1]
3300–2350 BCE The Bronze Age Helmand culture in the middle and lower valley of the Helmand River, in southern Afghanistan (Kandahar, Helmand and Nimruz province) and eastern Iran (Sistan and Baluchestan province).[2]
2400-1700 BCE The Bronze Age Oxus civilization in present-day northern Afghanistan, eastern Turkmenistan, southern Uzbekistan and western Tajikistan.[3][4]

16th century BCE

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Year Date Event
1500 BCE The earliest textual mention of Gandhara civilization, in ancient Indian manuscripts the Rigveda and the Zoroastrian Avesta.[5][6]

7th century BCE

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Year Date Event
678-549 BCE Kabul valley becomes part of the Median empire.

6th century BCE

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Year Date Event
550 BCE Cyrus II captures Kabul, which becomes a center of learning for Zoroastrianism and Buddhism.
516 BCE Darius I invades Afghanistan, makes it part of the Achaemenid Empire.

4th century BCE

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Year Date Event
330-327 BCE Alexander III of Macedon conquers Afghanistan.
312 BCE Afghanistan becomes part of the Seleucid Empire after the death of Alexander III and breakup of the Macedonian Empire.
305-303 BCE The Hindu Kush, Gandhara, Arachosia (centered around ancient Kandahar) and areas south of Bagram become part of the Maurya Empire after Chandragupta Maurya defeats Seleucus I in the Seleucid–Mauryan war.

Introduction of Buddhism to the region which becomes a major religion alongside Zoroastrianism and ancient Hinduism.

1st century BCE

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Year Date Event
15 BCE Buddhist Apracharajas dynasty with territory covering Swat, Gandhara, Taxila, and parts of eastern Afghanistan. (till 50 CE)

1st century CE

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Year Date Event
19 CE Suren kingdom founded by Gondophares with capitals in Kabul and Taxila, and territory covering southern Afghanistan, eastern Iran and northwest regions of the Indian subcontinent. (till 226 CE)
30 CE 27 January Kushan Empire founded by Kujula Kadphises in the Arghandab River valley.[7] (till 375 CE)

2nd century

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Year Date Event
120 Kanishka becomes emperor of the Kushan Empire. He extends his empire from present-day southern Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, north of the Amu Darya (Oxus) in the north west to Northern India, as far as Pataliputra in the Gangetic Plains. A follower of Buddhism, he encourages Buddhist teachings, art and architecture.
151 Kanishka Stupa is built. Reported by modern archeologists and ancient Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang to have had a diameter of 87 metres, height of 180–210 metres and covered with jewels.[8]
191 Vasudeva I becomes emperor of the Kushan Empire. His reign lasts till 232 CE.

4th century

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Year Date Event
320 Kidara Huns kingdom established,[9] lasts till about 467.

5th century

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Year Date Event
440 Hephthalite (White Huns) empire established with its capital at Kunduz. Buddhism, Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism were their major religions.

6th century

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Year Date Event
570 The smaller of the Buddhas of Bamiyan, known as the "Eastern Buddha" built (approximate year based on carbon dating), during Hephthalite rule.

7th century

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Year Date Event
618 The larger of the Buddhas of Bamiyan, known as the "Western Buddha" built (approximate year based on carbon dating) during Hephthalite rule.
630 Chinese monk, scholar and traveler Xuanzang visits Balkh, reports about a 100 Buddhist convents, 30,000 monks, large number of stupas and other religious monuments. The most remarkable stupa was the Navbahara, which possessed a gigantic statue of the Buddha.
665 Establishment of the Buddhist Turk Shahi dynasty, with its capital in Kapisi near the present-day town of Bagram.
680 Establishment of the Zunbil dynasty in present southern Afghanistan region, with its capital in Ghazni.
683 Turk Shahi king routs the Arab army of the Umayyad Caliphate led by Yazid ibn Ziyad, who is killed in battle and an Arab invasion is decisively repulsed.[10]
698 Zunbil king defeats an Arab 'Army of Destruction' led by Ubayd Allah b. Abi Bakra, who is forced to offer a large tribute, give hostages including three of his sons and take an oath not to invade Zunbil again. Twenty five thousand of the thirty thousand strong Arab army killed.[11][12]

9th century

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Year Date Event
815 Defeat of the Turk Shahis by the Arab Abbasid Caliphate. The Turk Shah is forced to convert to Islam and pay an annual tribute.
850 Overthrow of the unpopular Turk Shah Lagaturman by his minister Kallar and establishment of the Hindu Shahi dynasty.

10th century

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Year Date Event
964 Jayapala of the Hindu Shahi dynasty conducts a number of invasions of Ghazni, the capital city of the Ghaznavids.

11th century

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Year Date Event
1001 27 November Mahmud of Ghazni's army defeats the Hindu Shahi army of Jayapala in the Battle of Peshawar (1001)

13th century

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Year Date Event
1219-1221 Mongol invasion of Afghanistan as part of the Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire, resulting in thousands killed in the cities of Kabul, Kandahar, Jalalabad.
1221 In pursuit of the fleeing Khwarazmian king Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, Genghis Khan massacres the entire population of Bamiyan after his favorite grandson Mutukan is killed in the Siege of Bamiyan, but leaves the Buddhas of Bamiyan unharmed.
1259 Division of the Mongol Empire after Genghis's death. Afghanistan become part of the Chagatai Khanate.

14th century

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Year Date Event
1383-1385 Invasion of Afghanistan by Timur, leader of neighboring Transoxiana (roughly modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and adjacent areas), becomes a part of the Timurid Empire.

16th century

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Year Date Event
1504 Babur, deposed ruler of Fergana and Samarkand captures Kabul (Siege of Kabul (1504)).

18th century

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Year Date Event
1709 21 April Mirwais Hotak, an influential Afghan tribal chief, gained independence at Kandahar after a successful revolution against the Persian Safavid dynasty.[13]
1709–1713 The Persian government sent two large armies to regain Kandahar Province but suffered defeat by the Afghans.[13]
1715 November Mirwais died of a natural cause and his brother Abdul Aziz inherited the throne until he was killed by Mahmud Hotaki, son of Mirwais.[13]
1722 Battle of Gulnabad: Led by Mahmud, the Afghan army captured the Safavid capital of Isfahan and Mahmad was declared Shah of Persia.[14]
1725 22 April Mahmud was murdered by his cousin Ashraf, son of Abdul Aziz, and succeeded him as Shah of Persia.[15]
1729 29 September Battle of Damghan: Afsharid forces led by Nader Shah defeated Ashraf and his forces.
1738 Nader invaded and destroyed Kandahar, and restored the Abdali ethnic Pashtus to political prominence.
1747 19 June Ahmad Shah Durrani of the Abdali Pashtun confederacy declared the establishment of an independent Afghanistan, with its capital at Kandahar.[16]

19th century

[edit]
Year Date Event
1809 Durrani signed a treaty of alliance with the United Kingdom.[17]
1819 July Battle of Shopian: Sikh Khalsa Army of Ranjit Singh defeated the Durrani force led by governor Jabbar Khan, annexing Kashmir into the Sikh Empire.
1823 Dost Mohammad Khan took the throne in Kabul, where he proclaimed himself emir.
March Battle of Nowshera: Sikh Khalsa Army of Ranjit Singh defeated a Durrani force led by Azim Khan, capturing the Peshawar Valley.
1837 November Siege of Herat: A Persian force attempts to capture Herat but are defeated and leave in 1838.
1839 March First Anglo-Afghan War: A British expeditionary force captured Quetta.
23 July British capture Ghazni in the Battle of Ghazni and install Shuja Shah Durrani as the puppet ruler of Afghanistan.
1841 November First Anglo-Afghan War: A mob killed the British envoy to Afghanistan.
1842 January Massacre of Elphinstone's army: A retreating British With mostly Indian regiment force of sixteen thousand was massacred by the Afghans.
1857 Afghanistan declared war on Persia.
Afghan forces re-captured Herat.
1878 January Second Anglo-Afghan War: Afghanistan refused a British diplomatic mission, provoking a second Anglo-Afghan war.
1879 May Second Anglo-Afghan War: To prevent British occupation of a large part of the country, the Afghan government ceded much power to the United Kingdom in the Treaty of Gandamak.
1880 22 July Abdur Rahman Khan was officially recognized as emir of Afghanistan.
1893 12 November Abdur Rahman and British Raj representative Mortimer Durand signed an agreement establishing the Durand Line.

20th century

[edit]
Year Date Event
1901 1 October Habibullah Khan, son of Abdur Rahman, became emir of Afghanistan.
1919 20 February Habibullah was assassinated. His son Amanullah Khan declared himself King of Afghanistan.
May Third Anglo-Afghan War: Amanullah led a surprise attack against the British.
19 August Afghan Foreign Minister Mahmud Tarzi negotiated the Treaty of Rawalpindi with the British at Rawalpindi.
1922 Solar Hijri calendar officially adopted in Afghanistan.[18]
1929 January Amanullah was forced to abdicate in favor of Habibullāh Kalakāni in the face of a popular uprising.[19]
15 October Former General Mohammad Nadir Shah took control of Afghanistan.[20]
1933 8 November Nadir was assassinated. His son, Mohammad Zahir Shah, was proclaimed King.
1964 October A new constitution was ratified which instituted a democratic legislature.[21]
1965 1 January The Marxist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) held its first congress.
1973 17 July Mohammad Daoud Khan declares himself President in a coup against the king, Mohammad Zahir Shah.
1978 27 April Saur Revolution: Military units loyal to the PDPA assaulted the Afghan Presidential Palace, killing President Mohammad Daoud Khan and his family.
1 May Saur Revolution: The PDPA installed its leader, Nur Muhammad Taraki, as President of Afghanistan.
July A rebellion against the new Afghan government began with an uprising in Nuristan Province.
5 December A treaty was signed which permitted deployment of the Soviet military at the Afghan government's request.
1979 14 September Taraki was murdered by supporters of Prime Minister Hafizullah Amin.
24 December Soviet–Afghan War: Fearing the collapse of the Amin regime, the Soviet army invaded Afghanistan.
27 December Operation Storm-333: Soviet troops occupied major governmental, military and media buildings in Kabul, including the Tajbeg Palace, and executed Prime Minister Amin.
1988 14 April Soviet–Afghan War: The Soviet government signed the Geneva Accords, which included a timetable for withdrawing their armed forces.
1989 15 February Soviet–Afghan War: The last Soviet troops left the country.
1992 24 April Afghan Civil War (1989–1992): Afghan political parties signed the Peshawar Accord which created the Islamic State of Afghanistan and proclaimed Sibghatullah Mojaddedi its interim President.
Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's Hezbi Islami, with the support of neighboring Pakistan, began a massive bombardment against the Islamic State in the capital Kabul.
28 June As agreed upon in the Peshawar Accord, Jamiat-e Islami leader Burhanuddin Rabbani took over as President.
Taliban attacks and looting of the National Museum of Afghanistan result in loss of 70% of the 100,000 artifacts of Afghan culture and history.
1994 August The Taliban government began to form in a small village between Lashkargah and Kandahar.
1995 January The Taliban, with Pakistani support, initiated a military campaign against the Islamic State of Afghanistan and its capital Kabul.
13 March Taliban tortured and killed Abdul Ali Mazari leader of the Hazara people.
1996 26 September Afghan Civil War (1996–2001): The forces of the Islamic State retreated to northern Afghanistan.
27 September Afghan Civil War (1996–2001): The Taliban conquered Kabul and declared the establishment of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. Former President Mohammad Najibullah, who had been living under United Nations protection in Kabul, was tortured, castrated and executed by Taliban forces.
30 September Taliban pass decree that all women should be banned from employment.[22]
1998 August Afghan Civil War (1996–2001): The Taliban captured Mazar-i-Sharif, forcing Abdul Rashid Dostum into exile.
11 August Destruction of the Puli Khumri Public Library by the Taliban. The library contained over 55,000 books and old manuscripts and was considered by Afghans as one of the most valuable and beautiful collections of their nation and their culture.[23][24]
20 August Operation Infinite Reach: Cruise missiles were fired by the United States Navy into four militant training camps in the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.

21st century

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Year Date Event
2001 2 March Destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan by the Taliban with dynamite, on orders from its leader Mullah Omar.
9 September Resistance leader Ahmad Shah Massoud was killed in a suicide bomb attack by two Arabs who were disguised as French news reporters.
20 September After the September 11 attacks in the United States, U.S. President George W. Bush demanded the Taliban government to hand over al-Qaeda head Osama bin Laden and close all terrorist training camps in the country, which the Taliban refuses the following day for lack of evidence connecting bin Laden to 9/11 attacks.[25]
7 October Operation Enduring Freedom: The United States and the United Kingdom began an aerial bombing campaign against al-Qaeda and the Taliban.
October Reports of Taliban having destroyed at least 2,750 ancient works of art at the National Museum of Afghanistan during the year.
5 December The United Nations Security Council authorized the creation of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) to help maintain security in Afghanistan and assist the Karzai administration.[26]
20 December International Conference on Afghanistan in Germany: Hamid Karzai chosen as head of the Afghan Interim Administration.
2002 July 2002 loya jirga: Hamid Karzai appointed as President of the Afghan Transitional Administration in Kabul, Afghanistan.
2003 14 December 2003 loya jirga: A 502-delegate loya jirga was held to consider a new Afghan constitution.
2004 9 October Hamid Karzai was elected President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan after winning the Afghan presidential election.
2005 Taliban insurgency: An insurgency began after a Pakistani decision to station around 80,000 soldiers next to the porous Durand Line border with Afghanistan.
2006 1 March Bush and wife visited Afghanistan to inaugurate the renovated Embassy of the United States in Kabul.
2007 13 May Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes: Skirmishes began with Pakistan.[27]
2010 U.S. President Barack Obama sent additional 33,000 U.S. soldiers to Afghanistan, with the total international troops reaching 150,000.
2011 After the death of Osama bin Laden in Pakistan, many high-profile Afghan officials were assassinated, including among them were Mohammed Daud Daud, Ahmed Wali Karzai, Jan Mohammad Khan, Ghulam Haider Hamidi, and Burhanuddin Rabbani.
National Front of Afghanistan was created by Tajik leader Ahmad Zia Massoud, Hazara leader Muhammad Mohaqiq and Uzbek leader Abdul Rashid Dostum
2016 31 December United States troops withdraw from Afghanistan after 15 years.[28]
2020 29 February U.S. signs peace agreement with Taliban, committing the U.S. to a drawdown of troops and conditional full withdrawal by 1 May 2021. The agreement further required the Afghan government to release 5,000 Taliban prisoners in exchange for 1,000 Afghan soldiers held by the Taliban.
2021 15 January U.S. completes the final Afghanistan troop drawdown of the first Trump administration, reducing the U.S. troop level to 2,500.[29][30]
14 April US President Joe Biden orders complete withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan by 11 September 2021 (later revised to 31 August 2021).
1 July US forces leave Bagram Airfield, its largest base in Afghanistan after nearly 20 years.
15 August Kabul falls to Taliban (Fall of Kabul).
2023 October - December Pakistani government ordered the expulsion of Afghans from Pakistan.[31] Iran also decided to deport Afghan refugees back to Afghanistan a few months later.[32]

See also

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Cities in Afghanistan:

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Afghanistan: VII. History (Archived)". John Ford Shroder. University of Nebraska. 2009. Archived from the original on October 31, 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-31.
  2. ^ Art and Archaeology of Southwest Asia (2021-03-15). A Warehouse in 3rd Millennium B.C. Sistan and Its Accounting Technology. Retrieved 2024-08-03 – via YouTube.
  3. ^ Vidale, Massimo (21 June 2017). Treasures from the Oxus: The Art and Civilization of Central Asia. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-83860-976-4.
  4. ^ Lyonnet, Bertille; Dubova, N. A., eds. (2020). The world of the Oxus Civilization. Routledge worlds. New York: Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-138-72287-3. The Oxus Civilization, also named the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (or Culture) (BMAC), developed in southern Central Asia during the Middle and Late Bronze Age and lasted for about half a millennium (ca. 2250–1700 BC)...
  5. ^ "Rigveda 1.126:7, English translation by Ralph TH Griffith".
  6. ^ Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1997). A History of Sanskrit Literature. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 130–. ISBN 978-81-208-0095-3.
  7. ^ Osmund Bopearachchi, 2007, Some observations on the chronology of the early Kushans
  8. ^ Dobbins (1971).
  9. ^ Cribb, Joe (2010-01-01). "The Kidarites, the numismatic evidence.pdf". Coins, Art and Chronology II, edited by M. Alram et al.: 99.
  10. ^ Kim, Hyun Jin (19 November 2015). The Huns. Routledge. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-317-34090-4.
  11. ^ Hugh Kennedy (2010). The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In. Hachette UK. p. 448. ISBN 978-0-297-86559-9.
  12. ^ S. Frederick Starr (2015). Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. 107: Princeton University Press. p. 680. ISBN 9780691165851.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  13. ^ a b c "AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF PERSIA DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES (A.D. 1722-1922)". Edward G. Browne. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 29. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
  14. ^ "AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF PERSIA DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES (A.D. 1722-1922)". Edward G. Browne. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 30. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
  15. ^ "AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF PERSIA DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES (A.D. 1722-1922)". Edward G. Browne. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 31. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
  16. ^ "AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF PERSIA DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES (A.D. 1722-1922)". Edward G. Browne. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 33. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
  17. ^ Husain, Farrukh (2018). Afghanistan in the age of empires: the great game for South and Central Asia (1st ed.). India: Silk Road Books. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-5272-1633-4.
  18. ^ "Calendars". Encyclopædia Iranica. 1990.
  19. ^ Muḥammad, Fayz̤; Hazārah, Fayz̤ Muḥammad Kātib (1999). Kabul Under Siege: Fayz Muhammad's Account of the 1929 Uprising. Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 1. ISBN 9781558761551.
  20. ^ Muḥammad, Fayz̤; Hazārah, Fayz̤ Muḥammad Kātib (1999). Kabul Under Siege: Fayz Muhammad's Account of the 1929 Uprising. Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 275. ISBN 9781558761551. Nadir received word of the victory in Ali Khayl and immediately set out for the capital, arriving in the city on the 15th.
  21. ^ Richard S. Newell (1997). "The Constitutional Period, 1964-73". In Peter R. Blood (ed.). Afghanistan: A Country study.
  22. ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "UNHCR - Chronology of Events January 1995 - February 1997". UNHCR. Archived from the original on 2006-10-21. Retrieved 2015-11-01.
  23. ^ Civallero, Edgardo (2007). "When memory is turn into ashes" (PDF). Acta Academia. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  24. ^ Censorship of historical thought: a world guide, 1945–2000, Antoon de Baets
  25. ^ "Why Did the United States Invade Afghanistan?". fff.org. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  26. ^ "United Nations Security Council" (PDF). UN. Naval Postgraduate School. December 5, 2001. Retrieved October 6, 2010.
  27. ^ "Up to 7 Afghan troops killed in Pakistan clash". Reuters. 13 May 2007. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  28. ^ Sennott, Charles M. (May 5, 2015). "The First Battle of the 21st Century". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on July 30, 2019. Retrieved May 15, 2015. Even after 14 years of war in Afghanistan, the U.S. military has not fully succeeded in restoring security to the country or defeating the Taliban. Now, at the request of the new Afghan government, the United States has delayed the completion of its troop withdrawal from the country until 2016 at the earliest.
  29. ^ "US War in Afghanistan: 1999–2021". Council on Foreign Relations. 2021.
  30. ^ Burns, Robert (January 15, 2021). "Pentagon says US has dropped to 2,500 troops in Afghanistan". Associated Press.
  31. ^ "'What's wrong?': The silence of Pakistanis on expulsion of Afghan refugees". Al Jazeera. 22 November 2023.
  32. ^ "Afghans Banned From 16 Provinces In Iran As Forced Exodus Continues". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 4 December 2023.

Further reading

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